Rheumatism (Rheumatoid Arthritis) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Rheumatism (Rheumatoid Arthritis)

Rheumatism, commonly associated with Rheumatoid arthritis, refers to painful inflammatory conditions affecting the joints, muscles, and connective tissues. It is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissues, leading to inflammation, swelling, and progressive joint damage.

Although rheumatic diseases are more common in older adults, they can affect individuals of all ages — including children and young adults.

What Is Rheumatology?

Rheumatology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases.

A rheumatologist completes:

• Medical school

• Internal medicine specialization (approximately 4–5 years)

• Additional rheumatology subspecialty training (around 3 years)

Rheumatologists manage complex autoimmune and inflammatory conditions affecting joints, muscles, bones, and connective tissues.

Symptoms of Rheumatism

Rheumatic diseases may present with a variety of symptoms, including:

• Joint pain and swelling

• Morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes

• Muscle weakness

• Chronic fatigue

• Skin rashes

• Dry mouth or dry eyes

• Sun sensitivity

• Subcutaneous nodules

• Red or irritated eyes

• Long-term low- or high-grade fever

Symptoms often fluctuate, with periods of flare-ups and remission.

What Is Heart Rheumatism?

Heart rheumatism is commonly related to Rheumatic fever, a condition that may develop after a throat infection caused by streptococcal bacteria.

If untreated, it can lead to damage of the heart valves, known as Rheumatic heart disease.

Symptoms of Rheumatic Heart Disease:

• Dry cough

• Shortness of breath

• Irregular heartbeat

• Chest pain

• Fatigue

• Bluish discoloration (in advanced cases)

Importantly, this condition does not only affect elderly individuals — it can also occur in children and adolescents following untreated streptococcal infections.

Causes of Rheumatism

The exact cause of autoimmune rheumatic diseases is not fully understood, but contributing factors include:

• Genetic predisposition

• Immune system dysfunction

• Environmental triggers

• Previous infections

Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent permanent joint or organ damage.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis may include:

• Blood tests (RF, Anti-CCP, ESR, CRP)

• X-rays or MRI imaging

• Physical examination

• Detailed patient history

Early detection significantly improves long-term outcomes.

How Is Rheumatism Treated?

Although rheumatism is a chronic condition, it can be effectively managed with proper medical care.

Treatment Options:

✔ Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
✔ Biologic therapies
✔ Anti-inflammatory medications
✔ Corticosteroids (short-term use)
✔ Physical therapy and rehabilitation
✔ Lifestyle modifications

Medication alone may not always be sufficient. In many cases, combining pharmacological treatment with physical therapy improves mobility, reduces stiffness, and enhances quality of life.

What is Calcification?